Difference between revisions of "Create a OpenVPN Certificate Authority"

Latest revision as of 00:14, 3 November 2015

Part of configuring OpenVPN involves the creation of a certificate authority (CA), also known as a public key infrastructure (PKI) (the public refers to public-key cryptography). You can not use an existing public key infrastructure; you would allow anyone with a certificate of that PKI to connect to your server (the tls-remote and tls-verify options can limit the allowed clients). You either need to set up your own certificate infrastructure, or limit OpenVPN to use password-based authentication (see the options auth-user-pass-verify, client-cert-not-required and username-as-common-name).

The easiest method it to use easy-rsa, as described in the OpenVPN How-to.

This article describes the steps taken by easy-rsa in more detail, but basically gives the same result. This article is partly based on the excellent tutorial by Phil Dibowitz on creating an CA.

Certificates, when deployed correctly, are much more secure than passwords, since the secret (key) does not need to be exchanged or shared between the different hosts. However, doing so requires a security hygiene which may not be required for a small-scale deployment.

Files

The following files are used by OpenSSL:

I'll use these directories to denote the files that are required on different host:

This is a compromise between the completely flat file structure of easy-rsa, and the recommendations set forth by most CA tutorials, which creates directories for certificate requests (.req), signed certificates (.crt), certificate revokations (crl), and private keys (ca.key).

If you are some paranoid whacko serious about security, you should not run these commands on the same machine, but run commands in the server, client1, and client2 directory of respectively the server and client machines, and run commands in the CA directory on a machine that is not connected to the Internet.

Initialize

(roughly equivalent to easy-rsa/clean-all)

mkdir ca server client1 client2
cd ca
touch index.txt

CA Configuration Files

Create configuration files. In our setup, ca-sign.cnf contains the configuration for signing certificates. We only use it in conjunction with the openssl ca command. It described the folder structure within the ca directory, the location of support files for the CA, as well as properties of the signed certificates (duration, restricted usage) as well as the policy for the name ("distinguished name") of signed certificates. Finally, it lists the policy for certification revocation lists. For this small-scale CA, there is no public URL to download the CRL; I plan to distribute it manually.

# ca-sign.cnf
# This configuration file is used by the 'ca' command, to create signed certificates.
[ ca ]
default_ca              = CA_default            # The default ca section

[ CA_default ]
dir                     = /path/to/ca           # Where everything is kept
certs                   = $dir/                 # Where the issued certs are kept
crl_dir                 = $dir/                 # Where the issued crl are kept
new_certs_dir           = $dir/                 # default place for new certs

private_key             = $dir/ca.key           # The private key
certificate             = $dir/ca.crt           # The CA root certificate
database                = $dir/index.txt        # List of signed certificates
serial                  = $dir/serial           # The current serial number
crlnumber               = $dir/crlnumber        # the current crl number
crl                     = $dir/crl.pem          # The current CRL
RANDFILE                = $dir/.rand            # private random number file

unique_subject          = no                    # allow multiple certificates with same subject.
default_md              = sha2                  # Use hash algorithm specified in the request
default_days            = 730                   # client certificates last 2 years
default_crl_days        = 30                    # How often clients should download the CRL

#x509_extensions         = X509_ca               # The x509 extensions for the root certificate
#x509_extensions         = X509_server           # The x509 extensions for a server certificate
x509_extensions         = X509_client           # The x509 extensions for a client certificate

# These options control what fields from the distinguished name to show before signing.
# They are required to make sure all fields are shown.
name_opt                = ca_default            # Subject Name options
cert_opt                = ca_default            # Certificate field options

copy_extensions         = copy                  # Accept requested extensions

policy                  = policy_dn

[ X509_ca ]
# X509v3 extensions for the root certificate
basicConstraints        = CA:TRUE
nsCertType              = sslCA                 # restrict the usage
keyUsage                = keyCertSign, cRLSign  # restrict the usage
subjectKeyIdentifier    = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier  = keyid:always,issuer:always
#subjectAltName          = email:move            # Move email address from DN to extensions
#crlDistributionPoints   = URI:http://www.example.com/example_ca.crl

[ X509_server ]
# X509v3 extensions for server certificates
basicConstraints        = CA:FALSE
nsCertType              = server                # restrict the usage
keyUsage                = digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
extendedKeyUsage        = serverAuth            # restrict the usage
subjectKeyIdentifier    = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier  = keyid,issuer
#subjectAltName          = email:move            # Move email address from DN to extensions
#crlDistributionPoints   = URI:http://www.example.com/example_ca.crl

[ X509_client ]
# X509v3 extensions for client certificates
basicConstraints        = CA:FALSE
nsCertType              = client                # restrict the usage
keyUsage                = digitalSignature      # restrict the usage
extendedKeyUsage        = clientAuth            # restrict the usage
subjectKeyIdentifier    = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier  = keyid,issuer
#subjectAltName          = email:move            # Move email address from DN to extensions
#crlDistributionPoints   = URI:http://www.example.com/example_ca.crl

[ policy_dn ]
countryName             = supplied              # required parameter, any value allowed
stateOrProvinceName     = optional
localityName            = optional
organizationName        = match                 # required, and must match root certificate
organizationalUnitName  = optional
commonName              = supplied              # required parameter, any value allowed
emailAddress            = optional              # email in DN is deprecated, use subjectAltName

The x509_extensions sections are not really required by openssl or openvpn, but allows extra security by telling OpenVPN that clients only may connect to servers only. nsCertType is required for the OpenVPN option ns-cert-type server|client; keyUsage and extendedKeyUsage are required for remote-cert-tls server|client.

ca.cnf defines the distinguished name for the certificate authority. It also contains the key length (2048 is recommended nowadays, over the default of 1024), and if the key should be encrypted.

# ca.cnf
# This configuration file is used by the 'req' command when the root certificates is created.
[ req ]
default_bits            = 2048                  # default strength of client certificates
default_md              = sha2
encrypt_key             = yes                   # "no" is equivalent to -nodes
prompt                  = no
string_mask             = utf8only
distinguished_name      = ca_distinguished_name     # root certificate name
req_extensions          = req_cert_extensions
# attributes              = req_attributes

[ ca_distinguished_name ]
# root certificate name
countryName             = NL
#stateOrProvinceName    = Utrecht
localityName            = Hometown
organizationName        = My Organisation
#organizationalUnitName  = My Department Name
commonName              = OpenVPN-CA
#emailAddress            = hostmaster@example.org   # email in DN is deprecated, use subjectAltName

[ req_cert_extensions ]
# nsCertType              = server
subjectAltName          = email:hostmaster@example.org

Note that in the above examples, the email address is specified in the subjectAltName, instead of in the distinguished name. This is in accordance with PKIX standards.

Build CA certificate

(roughly equivalent to easy-rsa/build-ca or pkitool --interact --initca)

If your CA should be valid after the year 2038, be sure to use openssl 0.9.9 or higher.

First create a request with the correct name, and then self-sign a certificate and create a serial number file.

cd ca
openssl req -new -config ca.cnf -keyout ca.key -out ca.req
openssl ca -config ca-sign.cnf -extensions X509_ca -days 3650 -create_serial -selfsign \
    -keyfile ca.key -in ca.req -out ca.crt
chmod 400 ca.key
chmod 444 ca.crt

These actions create ca.key and ca.crt. ca.key should be kept secret. ca.crt should be distributed to all servers and clients.

cp ca/ca.crt server/
cp ca/ca.crt client1/
cp ca/ca.crt client2/

Generate Prime Numbers

(roughly equivalent to build-dh)

cd server
openssl dhparam -out dh2048.pem 2048

Build server certificate

(roughly equivalent to build-key-server myserver or pkitool --interact --server myserver)

First create a configuration for the server, similar to ca.cnf:

# server.cnf
# This configuration file is used by the 'req' command when the server certificate is created.
[ req ]
default_bits            = 2048
default_md              = sha2
encrypt_key             = no
prompt                  = no
string_mask             = utf8only
distinguished_name      = server_distinguished_name
req_extensions          = req_cert_extensions
# attributes              = req_attributes

[ server_distinguished_name ]
countryName             = NL
#stateOrProvinceName    = Utrecht
localityName            = HomeTown
organizationName        = My Organisation
#organizationalUnitName  = My Department Name
commonName              = vpnserver.example.org
emailAddress            = hostmaster@example.org

[ req_cert_extensions ]
nsCertType              = server
subjectAltName          = email:hostmaster@example.org

Create the server request and private key:

cd server
openssl req -new -config server.cnf -keyout server.key -out server.req
chmod 400 server.key

Copy server.req to the CA machine, and run on the CA machine:

cp server/server.req ca/
cd ca
openssl ca -config ca-sign.cnf -extensions X509_server -in server.req -out server.crt

Copy server.crt to the client machine.

cp ca/server.crt server/

You can delete server.req. Only server.crt and server.key are required on the server.

If you have multiple servers, repeat this step for all servers.

Build client certificate

(roughly equivalent to pkitool --interact --csr myclient)

Create a client1.cnf similar to server.cnf:

# client1.cnf
# This configuration file is used by the 'req' command when a certificate is created for client 1.
[ req ]
default_bits            = 2048
default_md              = sha2
encrypt_key             = no
prompt                  = no
string_mask             = utf8only
distinguished_name      = client1_distinguished_name
req_extensions          = req_cert_extensions
# attributes              = req_attributes

[ client1_distinguished_name ]
countryName             = NL
#stateOrProvinceName    = Utrecht
localityName            = HomeTown
organizationName        = My Organisation
#organizationalUnitName  = My Department Name
commonName              = client1.example.com

[ req_cert_extensions ]
nsCertType              = client
subjectAltName          = email:hostmaster@example.com

On the client machine

cd client1/
openssl req -new -config client1.cnf -keyout client1.key -out client1.req
chmod 400 client1.key

Copy client1.req to the CA machine, and run on the CA machine:

cp client1/client1.req ca/
cd ca/
openssl ca -config ca-sign.cnf -out client1.crt -in client1.req

Copy client1.crt to the client machine:

cp ca/client1.crt client1/

You can delete client1.req. Only client1.crt and client1.key are required on the client.

Repeat this step for all client hosts.

Revoke a client certificate

If the file does not exist, create the crlnumber with a serial number:

echo '0000000000000001' > crlnumber

openssl ca -config ca-sign.cnf -crl_reason superseded -revoke 5FE840894254A22.crt
openssl ca -config ca-sign.cnf -gencrl -out crl.pem

where the reason is one of the following

• unspecified
• keyCompromise
• CACompromise
• affiliationChanged
• superseded
• cessationOfOperation
• certificateHold

Test the revocation:

cat ca.crt crl.pem > revoke-test.pem
openssl verify -CAfile revoke-test.pem -crl_check 5FE840894254A22.crt

If the certificate is revoked, you should get the error

error 23 at 0 depth lookup:certificate revoked

Be sure to distribute the certificate revocation list to your server and clients.

cp ca/crl.pem server/
cp ca/crl.pem client1/
cp ca/crl.pem client2/

Change password

To change the password of your private key:

openssl rsa -des3 -in ca.key -out ca_new.key
mv ca_new.key ca.key