Touch and mouse with hover effects in a web browser

Problem
I use a hover effect on my website for certain links. On iPads and other touch-based devices, this causes the user to press a link twice: first to add the hover effect, and a second time to actually follow the link. This is undesired.

Background
In order to simulate a mouse, browsers such as Webkit mobile fire the following events if a user touches and releases a finger on touch interface like iPad (source: Touch And Mouse on html5rocks.com):


 * 1) 300ms delay, where the browser makes sure this is a single tap, not a double tap
 * 2) * Note: If a,   or   event changes the page content, the following events are never fired.
 * 1) 300ms delay, where the browser makes sure this is a single tap, not a double tap
 * 2) * Note: If a,   or   event changes the page content, the following events are never fired.
 * 1) * Note: If a,   or   event changes the page content, the following events are never fired.
 * 1) * Note: If a,   or   event changes the page content, the following events are never fired.
 * 1) * Note: If a,   or   event changes the page content, the following events are never fired.
 * 1) * Note: If a,   or   event changes the page content, the following events are never fired.

It does not seem possible to simply tell the web browser to skip the mouse events.

What's worse, if the mouseover changes the content or DOM state (and the hover effect does so in my case), the click event is never fired, as explained on Safari Web Content Guide - Handling Events, in particular figure 6.4 in One-Finger Events. What exactly a "content change" is, will depend on browser and version. I've found that for iOS 7.0, a change in background colour is not (or no longer?) a content change.

Unrelated to this problem, there is a 300 ms delay to allow the browser time to determine if the user is performing another gesture - in particular, double-tap zooming. This makes the browser feel sluggish if the first action occurs during the mouse events. If you are 100% the user will never zoom or double click, you can use the FastClick library to prevent this delay. (Disabling zooming also helps for modern browsers, but this is an accessibility concern.). Instead I prefer to keep this delay, and use this time to show the hover effect.

Question
What HTML and JavaScript can be used to support a proper hover effect on links for both touch as well as mouse?

Thus:
 * It should work with devices that support both touch and mouse.
 * No browser detection.
 * A link is followed after a single click. No need to click a second time.
 * Ideally, the hover effect is also shown after a touch event.
 * It works across multiple browsers.
 * As much support for native events, no  if possible. In particular, a touch can be cancelled by moving your finger.

Solution

 * Add hover effects on  and.
 * Remove hover effects on,   and.

Note that there is no action on !

This clearly works for mouse events:  and   (slightly improved versions of   and  ) are fired.

If the user actually s a link, the hover effect is also removed. This ensure that it is removed if the user presses the back button in the web browser.

This also works for touch events: on touchstart the hover effect is added. It is not removed on touchend. It is added again on, and since this causes no content changes (it was already added), the   event is also fired, and the link is followed without the need for the user to click again!

The 300ms delay that a browser has between a  event and   is actually put in good use because the hover effect will be shown during this short time.

If the user decides to cancel the click, a move of the finger will do so just as normal. Normally, this is a problem since no  event is fired, and the hover effect remains in place. Thankfully, this can easily be fixed by removing the hover effect on.

That's it!

Alternative Solutions
The following are non-solutions, or problematic alternatives:


 * browser detection:Extremely prone to errors. Assumes that a device has either mouse or touch, while a combination of both will become more and more common when touch displays proliferate.
 * CSS media detection:The only reasonable CSS-only solution. Still prone to errors, and still assumes that a device has either mouse or touch, while both are possible.
 * Emulate the click event in :This will incorrectly follow the link, even if the user only wanted to scroll or zoom, without the intention of actually clicking the link.
 * Use a variable to suppress mouse events:Set a variable in, and use it as a if-condition in subsequent mouse events to prevents state changes during those events. The variable is reset in the   event. This is a decent solution if you really don't want a hover effect on touch interfaces. Unfortunately, it does not work if a   while no corresponding   event is fired (e.g. the user scrolled or zoomed), and the user subsequently tries to following the link with a mouse (i.e on a device with both mouse and touch interface).